June+Exam

= You will answer all questions. Please take pen, pencil and colours. =

=The importance of Persia, Greece and Rome for today's world - what are the main legacies that we get from them that shape our society today= =Middle Ages including feudalism= =Crusades= =Renaissance and Humanism including the ideas of Machiavelli= =Exploration - use the Power Point in the wiki= =Global goals for peace and justice (you will be given them)=

= Critical Thinking =

You will be expected to read or look at documents and analyse what they are telling us. You must read them carefully and write thoughtful and relevant answers. =Answer all questions on the exam paper, but ask for extra paper if you want to write longer answers.= = =

The following concepts (you will be given them in the exam, but you need to know what they mean):

For individuals and societies, the concept of change allows examination of the forces that shape the world:
 * Change- **

past, present and future. The causes and effects of change can be natural and artificial; intentional and

unintentional; positive, negative or neutral. The subject group explores the role of individuals and societies

in shaping change.

For individuals and societies, global interactions focuses on the interdependence of the larger human
 * Global Interactions- **

community, including the many ways that people come into conflict with and cooperate with each other,

and live together in a highly interconnected world to share finite resources.

For individuals and societies, systems thinking provides a powerful tool for understanding both natural and
 * Systems- **

human environments, and the role of individuals within them. Social and natural systems rely on a state of

equilibrium and are vulnerable to change from internal and external forces.

Identity is the combination of the values, beliefs and experiences that define,
 * Identity- **

shape and inform who we are, our perspectives and how we behave as individuals,

communities, societies and cultures. Identity shapes historical processes and

interpretations. Identity is shaped by external and internal influences and it is

relational (the notion of “we” as opposed to “them”). This concept refers to how

both individual and group perceptions of the self, form, evolve and are expressed.

From a historical perspective, identity can be examined as a cause or consequence

of an event, idea or process. Additionally, the notion of citizenship appears as a

politically and historically relevant form of identification on the part of peoples.

Choice involves making a decision between at least two alternatives, knowing
 * Choice- **

that in selecting one item, we will have to go without the other (for example if

we buy a camera, we cannot also buy a phone with the same money). Because

of scarcity (unlimited needs and wants being met by limited resources) we must

make choices about which needs and wants to meet with the resources we have.

Interdependence is the state of two or more individuals, groups or societies being
 * Interdependence- **

reliant on each other. This mutual dependence is often derived from a need

for individuals, groups or societies to grow, develop, change and/or advance.

Interdependence can lead to a variety of results, both positive and negative. These

results can be the same or different for the parties involved in the interdependent

relationship. As well, these results can change depending on the time period

and location in which the individuals, groups and/or societies exist. Relations of

interdependence are not necessarily horizontal. Historiography can also study

processes of dependency, domination and power between peoples or nations.


 * Innovation and Revolution- **

In history, this concept looks at the process of generating new ideas, events,

movements, products or solutions through the alteration, transformation,

reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement, or renovation of existing ideas,

events, movements, products or solutions. Innovation involves individuals and

societies because they use their capacity to create, contrive and initiate a capacity

that can lead to both positive and negative consequences in the short term and

the long term.

Governance refers to mechanisms and processes that regulate authority in a given
 * Governance- **

organization. It can apply to state and non-state institutions. Throughout time,

people have organized governments in order to meet the needs of communities

and individuals. Groups have created institutions and processes that have many

forms and functions. Monarchies, republics, tribes, parliaments, presidents,

dictators: these and other patterns of rule express a range of human values and

reflect varied understandings of history and culture. At the heart of governance

are questions about the distribution of resources, the making of laws, and the

balance of power between individuals and the communities in which they live.

Democratic governments are accountable to the people who choose them.

Resources are the things we use to make the products that meet our needs and
 * Resources- **

wants. Economists also call them factors of production and place them in four

general categories: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship/management.

Entrepreneurs combine land, labour and capital in different ways in order to

produce different goods and services. For example, the owner (entrepreneur) of a

fruit and vegetable store combines fruits and vegetables (natural resources/land)

with the building in which the store is located (capital) and his or her work and

that of his or her employees (labour) to provide a product to consumers (fruit and

vegetables available in a convenient location).

= These global contexts =